Determining ampacity for flexible cords and cables
NEC 400.5(A) Cord and cable ampacity comes from Table 400.5(A)(1) or (A)(2), then gets derated for heat — high ambient temperature or more than three current-carrying conductors.
Q1 NEC 400.5(A) Code lookup
A cord set uses SC cable with four current-carrying conductors instead of three. Which section's table gives the derating adjustment factors to apply to the three-conductor ampacity for this cord?
- A 400.5(B)
- B 400.5(C)
- C 400.5(A)
- D 400.4
Show answer & explanation
Correct: C — 400.5(A)
400.5(A) hosts Table 400.5(A)(3), the adjustment factors for more than three current-carrying conductors in a flexible cord or cable. 400.5(B) only addresses not exceeding the insulation's ultimate temperature limit, and 400.4 just lists cord/cable types, neither contains ampacity or derating tables.
Required and optional markings on flexible cords and cables
NEC 400.6(A) Flexible cords need a tag with 310.8(A) info, and many types also need durable surface markings — type, size, conductor count, and max operating temperature — repeated every 610 mm (24 in.).
Q2 NEC 400.6(A)
A reel of Type SJTW flexible cord is being surface marked per 400.6(A). What is the maximum allowed spacing between repeated markings?
- A 305 mm (12 in.)
- B 914 mm (36 in.)
- C 610 mm (24 in.)
- D 1.2 m (48 in.)
Show answer & explanation
Correct: C — 610 mm (24 in.)
400.6(A) sets the maximum spacing for durable surface markings on listed flexible cord types at 610 mm (24 in.). The 305 mm, 914 mm, and 1.2 m spacings are all longer or shorter values that don't match this specific requirement.
Where flexible cords and cables are prohibited
NEC 400.12 Flexible cords can't replace fixed wiring, hide inside building surfaces, pass through walls or raceways, or sit where they'll get damaged.
Q3 NEC 400.12
Per 400.12, which installation is a prohibited use of flexible cord unless a 400.10 exception applies?
- A Using a flexible cord pendant to suspend a lighting fixture
- B Running the cord through a doorway to reach a portable tool
- C Supplying a portable motor with a flexible cord
- D Connecting a cord-and-plug-connected appliance for ready removal
Show answer & explanation
Correct: B — Running the cord through a doorway to reach a portable tool
400.12(3) specifically bars running flexible cords through doorways, windows, or similar openings. Pendants, portable-equipment connections, and readily removable appliance cords are examples of permitted uses under 400.10, not prohibited uses under 400.12.
Where flexible cords and cables are allowed to be used
NEC 400.10(A) Flexible cords can only be used for the 11 specific purposes listed in 400.10(A) — never as a substitute for fixed wiring.
Q4 NEC 400.10(A)
An electrician wants to run flexible cord through a wall to permanently supply a fixed load, avoiding a conduit run. Is this permitted?
- A No, but only because concealed cords are a fire code violation unrelated to 400.10
- B No, flexible cords are restricted to the specific uses listed in 400.10(A)
- C Yes, as long as the cord is rated for the ampacity of the load
- D Yes, if the cord is concealed within the wall cavity
Show answer & explanation
Correct: B — No, flexible cords are restricted to the specific uses listed in 400.10(A)
400.10(A) gives a closed list of permitted uses for flexible cords — none of which is substituting for fixed wiring through a wall. Ampacity rating and concealment don't override this restriction; the use itself has to match the list.
Marking the Equipment Grounding Conductor in Flexible Cords
NEC 400.23 Green or green-with-yellow-stripe marking is reserved for equipment grounding conductors in cords, shown either as a braid color or as conductor insulation color.
Q5 NEC 400.23
In a flexible cord, which conductor coloring is reserved exclusively for the equipment grounding conductor?
- A Continuous white or natural gray
- B Continuous black
- C Continuous green, or continuous green with one or more yellow stripes
- D Any color as long as it is marked with tape at each termination
Show answer & explanation
Correct: C — Continuous green, or continuous green with one or more yellow stripes
Per 400.23, continuous green or continuous green with one or more yellow stripes shall not be used for anything other than the equipment grounding conductor. White/natural gray identifies grounded conductors under other Code provisions, and black is a common ungrounded-conductor color, not grounding-conductor identification.
Marking the Grounded Conductor in Braided Cords
NEC 400.22 On braided flexible cords, the grounded conductor must show a continuous white or gray braid, or a contrasting tracer thread in the braid, so it's never mistaken for a hot.
Q6 NEC 400.22
A flexible cord has one conductor with a braid finished solid gray. Per 400.22(A), what must the other conductor's braid be?
- A The same gray finish with a black tracer added
- B Any color, including white, as long as it has a tracer
- C Black only, per a fixed industry standard
- D A readily distinguishable solid color other than white or gray
Show answer & explanation
Correct: D — A readily distinguishable solid color other than white or gray
Per 400.22(A), when one conductor's braid is finished white or gray to mark the grounded conductor, the other conductor(s) must finish in a readily distinguishable solid color — white is reserved for the grounded conductor, so it can't also appear on another conductor's braid.
Marking the Grounded Conductor in Jacketed/Integral-Insulation Cords
NEC 400.22(C) When a cord has no braid on individual conductors, the grounded conductor must be white or gray insulation, a white/gray separator, untinned strands vs. tinned, or a surface marking — never just an assumption.
Q7 NEC 400.22(C) Code lookup
An appliance manufacturer is marking the grounded conductor on a jacketed cord it furnishes with the appliance, where the individual conductors have no braids. Which section specifies the required insulation color scheme for this cord?
- A 400.23(B)
- B 400.22(C)
- C 400.22(D)
- D 400.22(A)
Show answer & explanation
Correct: B — 400.22(C)
400.22(C) covers colored insulation for grounded-conductor identification, including the light-blue rule for jacketed cords furnished with appliances. 400.22(D) applies instead when the individual conductors use a colored separator rather than colored insulation, and 400.22(A) applies only to cords with braided conductors, while 400.23(B) governs equipment grounding conductor identification, not the grounded conductor.
Portable power feeder cable construction: conductors, insulation, grounding
NEC 400.44 Portable power feeder cables need 6 AWG copper or larger flexible-strand conductors, insulation meeting Table 400.44(B), and an equipment grounding conductor sized per 250.122 whenever there are three or more conductors.
Q8 NEC 400.44
Per 400.44(A), what is the minimum conductor requirement for portable power feeder cables?
- A 6 AWG copper or larger, stranding not specified
- B 8 AWG copper or larger with flexible stranding
- C 6 AWG copper or larger with flexible stranding
- D 6 AWG copper-clad aluminum with standard stranding
Show answer & explanation
Correct: C — 6 AWG copper or larger with flexible stranding
400.44(A) requires conductors to be 6 AWG copper or larger and to employ flexible stranding. The 8 AWG option is too small, copper-clad aluminum with standard stranding fails both the material and stranding requirements, and stranding type is specifically mandated, not left open.
Required and optional cable markings
NEC 400.52(A) Portable power feeder cables need a tag with 310.8(A) info, plus certain types must carry surface markings every 24 in. showing voltage, type, maker, size, and temperature rating.
Q9 NEC 400.52(A)
A Type SHD portable power feeder cable is being surface-marked per 400.52(A). Which of the following is NOT one of the required markings?
- A Maximum rated voltage
- B Sunlight resistance rating
- C Maximum operating temperature
- D AWG size or circular mil area
Show answer & explanation
Correct: B — Sunlight resistance rating
400.52(A) requires maximum rated voltage, type letters, manufacturer identification, AWG/circular mil size, and maximum operating temperature. Sunlight resistance is only an optional marking permitted under 400.52(B), not a required one.
Portable power feeder cables over 2000V: scope and use rules
NEC 400.41 Portable power feeder cables over 2000 volts connect portable equipment and temporary installations — they can never stand in for a building's fixed wiring.
Q10 NEC 400.41
A contractor wants to use a portable power feeder cable rated over 2000 volts as the permanent fixed wiring for a new pump house. Is this permitted?
- A No, but only because the run exceeds a temporary installation's time limit
- B Yes, if it is installed in a raceway for protection
- C Yes, as long as the cable is rated for the voltage and ampacity needed
- D No, these cables cannot substitute for a structure's fixed wiring
Show answer & explanation
Correct: D — No, these cables cannot substitute for a structure's fixed wiring
400.43(1) specifically prohibits using portable power feeder cables over 2000 volts as a substitute for the fixed wiring of a structure, regardless of rating or raceway installation. The raceway option is also generally barred by 400.43(6) except where otherwise permitted, and duration isn't the controlling factor here.
Bending radius and connector/fitting safety
NEC 400.34 Portable cable must be bent gently enough to avoid internal damage, and any connectors joining cable lengths must lock together, block energized opening, and keep tension off the connection.
Q11 NEC 400.34
According to 400.34, how is the minimum bending radius for portable cable determined?
- A It must match the bending radius table for fixed raceway conductors
- B It must be adequate to prevent damage to the cable during installation and handling
- C It is left entirely to the cable manufacturer's warranty terms with no code requirement
- D It must be at least 12 times the cable's overall diameter
Show answer & explanation
Correct: B — It must be adequate to prevent damage to the cable during installation and handling
400.34 states the minimum bending radii shall be adequate to prevent damage to the cable during installation and handling in service — it does not set a fixed multiplier like raceway bending rules, and it is a code requirement, not just a warranty matter. Section 400.34.
Flexible Cord Conductor Size and Insulation Thickness
NEC 400.21 Flexible cord conductors must be copper stranded wire, sized and insulated no thinner than Table 400.4 requires.
Q12 NEC 400.21 Code lookup
A manufacturer wants to certify a new flexible cord assembly and needs the minimum copper conductor sizes and required stranding class allowed for that cord type. Which section specifies these construction requirements?
- A 400.21(A)
- B 400.22(A)
- C 400.23(A)
- D 400.20
Show answer & explanation
Correct: A — 400.21(A)
400.21(A) requires flexible cord conductors to be copper flexible stranding sized per Table 400.4. 400.22(A) covers colored braid identification for the grounded conductor, not conductor sizing, and 400.20 covers cord labeling, not construction.
Protecting flexible cords and cables from physical damage
NEC 400.17 Flexible cords need bushings or fittings wherever they pass through holes in boxes or covers, and in industrial spaces they can run in raceways up to 50 ft for protection.
Q13 NEC 400.17 Code lookup
A portable extension cord passes through a knockout hole in the cover of a metal junction box on a job site. To keep the sharp edge of the hole from cutting into the cord's jacket, which section requires a bushing or fitting at that opening?
- A 400.16
- B 400.14
- C 400.17
- D 400.12
Show answer & explanation
Correct: C — 400.17
400.17 requires bushings or fittings wherever flexible cords or cables pass through holes in covers, outlet boxes, or similar enclosures. 400.16 instead covers overcurrent protection sizing for flexible cords, and 400.12 lists uses not permitted — neither addresses protecting the cord jacket at a passage point.
Flexible cord types required in show windows and showcases
NEC 400.15 Only hard-usage or junior hard-usage cord types (S-types and their variants) are allowed in show windows and showcases — light-duty cords are not.
Q14 NEC 400.15
An electrician is wiring a chain-supported decorative luminaire hanging in a store's show window. Which flexible cord type satisfies 400.15?
- A Type SPT-1
- B Type NM cable used as a flexible cord
- C Type SJO
- D Type SPT-2
Show answer & explanation
Correct: C — Type SJO
Section 400.15 lists specific S-family cord types, including SJO, as permitted in show windows and showcases. SPT-1 and SPT-2 lamp cords are not on that list, and NM cable is a fixed-wiring cable, not a flexible cord, so it is not a valid option here.